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机制裁决第 128 篇 · 对称双向第 123 篇 · section B 物理 · 全库第 186 篇 本篇审的是「质子衰变」这个名号从被预言到被守零五十年,中间发生了什么。先读三句红线:

  1. 本篇不裁决任何大统一理论对错,不评价任何实验组、任何在世研究者,不给出「该不该投钱给 Hyper-K 后续实验」的意见——只审「大统一已死」「质子绝对稳定/永不衰变」「Hyper-K 一定能看到质子衰变」这三句话从文件里读出来时承重承不承得住。
  2. 「实验没看到质子衰变」与「质子是稳定的」是两件不同的事:前者是「下限又被推高了一格」(每次守零都把判据后移),后者是「理论上质子不会衰变」(而标准模型本身只是凑巧守恒,量子引力预期 B-L 必被破坏)。本篇对称审计「大统一已死」与「质子永恒」两个方向。
  3. 全篇承重句均给出可点击来源;英文逐字引用一律标注「一手逐字」(全文取回)或「摘要逐字」。本篇引用的所有数字(各代 τ_p 下限、灵敏度目标、M_X 尺度、寿命换算)都给出出处,相关计算写出算法,可复现。

零、一句话裁决

质子衰变是物理史上最诚实的一门守候:Georgi-Glashow 1974 年写下「质子会衰变——但速率未知且可调」,随后五十年的每一代实验(IMB → Kamiokande → IMB-3 → Super-K → Hyper-K)都把 p→e⁺π⁰ 的部分寿命下限从 6.5×10³¹ 年推到 2.4×10³⁴ 年,每次都把「没看到」读成「判据后移一格」。真的不是「大统一已死」(minimal SU(5) 确实被排除——实验组自己写下「killed the well-known Grand Unified Theory」「decisively ruled out minimal SU(5)」——但 SO(10)/flipped SU(5)/超对称 GUT 的存活区全部压在可测范围内,2026 年仍有新模型论文)和「质子绝对稳定/永不衰变」(标准模型的质子稳定性是微扰守恒的偶然,量子引力预期 B-L 必被破坏、黑洞诱导寿命约 10⁴⁴–10⁴⁵ 年——会衰变,只是实验永不可见)这两层被声称的定论。把「我们的探测器还没有看到什么」读成「质子(或大统一理论)是什么」,是把一句关于探测能力的话读成一句关于自然界的话。

一、本篇测什么:预言跳 × 守零跳 × 终点线跳,附反向红跳

本篇审的不是「质子衰变实验做得好不好」(好,2.4×10³⁴ 年是史无前例的守零),而是「『质子衰变』这个名号从 1974 年被预言到今天,中间经历了哪些跳」。拆成六件可判定的事:

  1. 预言从哪来:Georgi-Glashow 1974 的 SU(5) 到底预言了什么——是「质子会衰变」这个定性结论,还是一个具体的寿命数字?——这是守真锚。
  2. 寿命是谁算的:「10²⁹–10³¹ 年」这个被全世界引用的量级,最早出自哪里(GQW 1974 的 6×10³¹ yr 主笔亲核)?minimal SU(5) 的寿命如何随 M_X 缩放?——这是预言账。
  3. 五十年的守零:IMB/Kamiokande/IMB-3/Super-K 每一代把 p→e⁺π⁰ 下限推到多少(6.5×10³¹ → 2.6×10³² → 5.5×10³² → 1.6×10³³ → 8.2×10³³ → 1.6×10³⁴ → 2.4×10³⁴ 年)?每个数字的出处——这是寿命账。
  4. 判据是谁写死的:为什么 1980s 会同时建成 IMB、Kamiokande、Frejus 等一排水切伦科夫与量热器实验;「为质子衰变而建」这句话的原文出处(小柴诺贝尔讲座逐字「the KamiokaNDE experiment killed the well-known Grand Unified Theory based on SU[5]」);Super-K 与 Hyper-K 写下的灵敏度目标——这是判据账。
  5. 终点线在不在后移:minimal SU(5) 被排除后,「大统一」这个想法是否随之死亡;Hyper-K 官方自己写的「阴性结果不能一票否掉 GUT」(一手逐字)——这是终点线跳。
  6. 反向红跳:「大统一已死」和「质子永不衰变」为什么都不立——非最小 GUT 存活区(SO(10)/flipped SU(5)/超对称)、量子引力对 B-L 破坏的预期(黑洞诱导质子衰变寿命约 10⁴⁴–10⁴⁵ 年)、以及 2026 年仍在产出的新模型论文——这是反向红跳。

结构胎记:预言跳 × 守零跳 × 终点线跳,附反向红跳。

  • 预言跳:把「GUT 必然预言质子衰变」读成「GUT 给了质子一个确定寿命等着我们去测」——Georgi-Glashow 原文只给定性(decays—but with an unknown and adjustable rate),定量预言(10²⁹–10³¹)来自后续重正化群计算且随模型在几个数量级内变(minimal SU(5) ~10³⁰–3² vs minimal SUSY SU(5) 10³¹–10³⁴ vs SO(10) 10³⁴–10³⁶ vs flipped SU(5) 典型 ≳10³⁶)。同一个「统一」家族内部,质子寿命预言可以差六个数量级——「统一之美」不承诺「质子近期会衰变」。
  • 守零跳:把「五十年没看到质子衰变」读成「质子是稳定的/大统一已死」——「没看到」的真正含义是「下限又被推高了一格」;minimal SU(5) 确实被排除(实验组自述 killed/decisively ruled out),但「排除一个模型」≠「排除一种想法」。
  • 终点线跳:把「判据被写死」读成「终点线固定、只等结果」——实际是每代把判据后移一两个数量级(10³¹ → 10³² → 10³³ → 10³⁴ → 10³⁵ 年),且 Hyper-K 设计报告自己承认「The predictions are uncertain to two or three orders of magnitude, and one should not expect a negative search to definitively rule out the idea of GUTs」。
  • 反向红跳:「大统一已死」不立(SO(10)/flipped SU(5)/超对称存活区全在可测范围、2026 年仍有新模型论文、耦合统一 MSSM 版本至今是 PDG 官方叙事)∧「质子绝对稳定/永不衰变」不立(标准模型的 B 守恒是偶然的、量子引力预期全局对称性必被破坏、黑洞/虚黑洞诱导质子衰变寿命约 10⁴⁴–10⁴⁵ 年——会衰变,只是比宇宙年龄长三十四个数量级)。

共用动作:把一句关于「我们的探测器还没有看到什么」的话,读成一句关于「质子(或大统一理论)是什么」的话。

与库内相关篇的分界:

  • 与物质-反物质篇(2026-07-25)分界写死:那篇把质子衰变当 GUT 重子生成「三重困难」之一(一行:minimal SU(5) 已被 Super-K 排除、τ(p→e⁺π⁰)>2.4×10³⁴ 年),从「重子不对称怎么来的」角度碰;本篇把「质子衰变与大统一」整个当对象——预言史、五十年寿命账、判据演进、下一站判据、反向红跳。那篇已有的 τ_p 数字本篇只称重不重做,但补上那篇没有的:各代下限演进链、建站动机、Hyper-K 判据、量子引力反向论证。
  • 与弦理论篇(2026-07-17)分界写死:那篇把质子衰变当弦理论「四窗全空」之一(Super-K 摘要逐字已亲核);本篇不重做弦理论,只把「质子衰变是弦理论的可检验窗口之一」当作现状账的一条引述。
  • 与地震预测篇(2026-08-01)分界写死:帕克菲尔德是「写下判据与时间窗、然后公开失败」的正面样本;质子衰变是同一谱系的另一形态——「写下寿命预言、然后守零五十年、判据连续后移」。地震篇的落点是「终点线从未被权威画下」,本篇的落点是「终点线每一代都被画下、又每一代都被后移」。
  • 与希格斯篇(2026-07-19)分界:那篇审质量起源(CMS HIG 组合);本篇不重做希格斯物理,但 GUT 耦合统一会引用电弱/强耦合的精确测量(LEP 时代的输入)。
  • 与物质-反物质篇的 GUT 重子生成 §4 分界:Sakharov 三条件与 sphaleron 归那篇;本篇只在「质子衰变是 B 破坏的一种可测体现」这一句上引用它。

编号落位:机制裁决第 128 篇·对称双向第 123 篇·section B·全库第 186 篇(2026-08-05 全库扫描确认未被占用)。去重实测(python 全库 185 个 md 文件 1092 万字符):质子衰变/proton decay 全库 5 处——全在物质-反物质篇(GUT 重子生成语境 2 处)与弦论篇(四窗全空语境 3 处);大统一 16 处但绝大多数是方法学篇「宏大统一口号」(同名不同物/跨域类比/过度推销检测器篇),物理意义的 GUT 只在物质-反物质篇;GUT 38 处命中绝大多数是 gut(肠-脑轴篇 gut-brain axis)误命中;SU(5) 2 处全在物质-反物质篇;Hyper-K 2 处、Super-K 13 处(中微子振荡语境)、sphaleron 12 处(全在物质-反物质篇)、IMB/Georgi-Glashow/Soudan/质子寿命 全库零命中——质子衰变专篇零命中,邻近但不重叠

二、守真锚:预言从哪来——Georgi-Glashow 的定性,GQW 的定量

本库原则:审「声称」必须回到声称的原件。先清点「质子会衰变」这句话在 1974 年是怎么被写下的、写了什么。

2.1 Georgi & Glashow 1974:定性预言,速率「未知且可调」

minimal SU(5) 原始论文(Phys. Rev. Lett. 32, 438)[一手逐字] 摘要:

Strong, electromagnetic, and weak forces are conjectured to arise from a single fundamental interaction based on the gauge group SU(5).arXiv 无,APS harvest 全文,一手逐字)

关于质子衰变的原文 [一手逐字](harvest.aps.org 官方全文接口取回,OCR 经三轮交叉):

Exchange of this vector boson contributes directly to the decay p→π⁰+e⁺. Since the proton is rather stable, this vector boson must be very massive. … It also predicts that the proton decays—but with an unknown and adjustable rate.

关键:1974 年的原文只给「质子会衰变」这个定性结论,并明确说速率「未知且可调」。「10²⁹–10³¹ 年」不是 Georgi-Glashow 给的——这是后续重正化群计算的结果。这条是守真锚的核心:媒体和科普常常把「大统一理论预言了质子衰变」和「大统一理论预言了质子寿命约 10³¹ 年」混为一谈,前者是 GG 1974 的原文,后者是更晚的定量。

2.2 GQW 1974:第一个定量寿命——6×10³¹ yr

Georgi, Quinn & Weinberg《Hierarchy of Interactions in Unified Gauge Theories》(Phys. Rev. Lett. 33, 451)给出重正化群统一机制,并首次定量估算质子寿命 [一手逐字](harvest.aps.org 全文 PDF 取回;主笔亲核——文本层上标丢失,经 600dpi 图像 OCR 与数学自洽双通道判定):

Taking M = 5×10¹⁵ GeV, for example, gives a proton lifetime of about 6×10³¹ yr. The present experimental lower limit is 10³⁰ yr.

主笔亲核记录:本文档初稿阶段,两个调研通道对 GQW 的 M 值返回了不同读数(一条读作 5×10¹⁵ GeV → 6×10³¹ yr,另一条读作 5×10¹⁴ GeV → 6×10²⁹ yr)。判定标准有三:①数学自洽——寿命 τ ∝ M_X⁴/m_p⁵,M_X 从 5×10¹⁴ 到 5×10¹⁵ GeV 寿命应差 10⁴ 倍,而两个读数的寿命只差 10² 倍(6×10³¹ vs 6×10²⁹),故「5×10¹⁴ → 6×10²⁹」不自洽;②历史语境——GQW 原文写「The present experimental lower limit is 10³⁰ yr」,若预言只有 6×10²⁹ yr(低于当时下限),「The observation of proton decay with a lifetime of this order of magnitude would be a startling confirmation」一句就不成立;③权威转写——Wikipedia 质子衰变词条及多篇综述对 minimal SU(5)/GQW 的标准转写均为「M~10¹⁵ GeV、τ~10²⁹–10³¹ yr」量级。综合判定 M=5×10¹⁵ GeV → τ≈6×10³¹ yr(与 10³⁰ yr 当时下限自洽、与后续 minimal SU(5) 的 10²⁹±² 预言一致)。

2.3 量级核对:minimal SU(5) 的寿命预言范围

  • Marciano 1982《Proton decay: 1982》[◐ 摘要逐字]:the Minimal Georgi-Glashow SU(5) model predicts … τ_p ≈ (0.4–12) × 10²⁹ yrUNT 数字图书馆 BNL 报告)。
  • Super-K 2017 论文正文 [一手逐字]:In the minimal SU(5) GUT, the predicted proton lifetime to e⁺π⁰ is 10³¹±¹ yearsarXiv:1610.03597)——注意这是 2017 年的表述,把 minimal SU(5) 预言定为 10³⁰–10³² 年(含强子矩阵元不确定性)。
  • Super-K 2009 论文正文 [一手逐字]:The prototypical GUT, minimal SU(5), predicts the lifetime of the proton when it decays to e⁺π⁰ to be less than 10³² yearsarXiv:0903.0676)。

守真锚结论:「质子会衰变」是 GG 1974 的定性预言,「约 10³⁰–10³² 年」是后续定量且带一个量级不确定度——而实验下限 2020 年已到 2.4×10³⁴ 年,超过任何 minimal SU(5) 预言上限两个数量级以上。排除是硬的;「排除的是 minimal SU(5) 这个具体模型」也是硬的。

三、寿命账:五十年的守零——每代下限与出处

这是本卷的核心账目:五十年来「没看到」的每一次,都把下限推高一格。全部 [一手逐字](除注明外)。

3.1 p→e⁺π⁰ 道的完整演进链

实验 曝光 τ/B(p→e⁺π⁰) 90% CL 出处
1983 IMB-1 80 天 6.5×10³¹ yr(束缚+自由质子) PRL 51, 27,摘要逐字 τB>6.5×10³¹ yr;自由质子 1.9×10³¹ yr
1985 Kamiokande-I 343 天 多数道 >10³¹ JPSJ 54, 3213,摘要逐字 exceed 10³¹ yr (90% C.L.)
1989 Kamiokande-I+II 3.76 kt·yr 2.6×10³² yr PLB 220, 308,摘要逐字 2.6×10³² yr
1990 IMB-3 376 天 5.5×10³² yr(含此前 3.1×10³²) PRD 42, 2974,摘要逐字 provides a limit of 5.5×10³² yr
1998 Super-K-I 25.5 kt·yr 1.6×10³³ yr arXiv:hep-ex/9806014,正文逐字 should be compared with the previous experimental results, 2.6×10³² years [Kamiokande 1989] and 5.5×10³² years [IMB 1990]
1999 Super-K 45 kt·yr 2.9×10³³ yr arXiv:hep-ex/9903029 PDF,正文逐字
2009 Super-K-I+II 140.9 kt·yr 8.2×10³³ yr arXiv:0903.0676,摘要逐字 8.2×10³³
2017 Super-K-I~IV 0.306 Mton·yr 1.6×10³⁴ yr arXiv:1610.03597,摘要逐字
2020 Super-K-I~IV 0.45 Mton·yr 2.4×10³⁴ yr(现行世界纪录) arXiv:2010.16098,摘要逐字 τ/B(p→e⁺π⁰) > 2.4 × 10³⁴ years and τ/B(p→μ⁺π⁰) > 1.6 × 10³⁴ years at 90% confidence level

演进核对:从 IMB-1 的 6.5×10³¹(1983)到 Super-K 的 2.4×10³⁴(2020),p→e⁺π⁰ 下限提高约 370 倍(约 2.6 个数量级);每一代「没看到」都把判据后移一格。任何说「大统一被排除了」的句子,都必须配这句:被排除的是 minimal SU(5) 预言区(10³⁰–10³² 年),排除手段是把它 2 个数量级以外仍然守零。

3.2 p→ν̄K⁺ 道(超对称 GUT 偏爱道)演进

曝光 τ/B(p→ν̄K⁺) 90% CL 出处
1999 33 kt·yr 6.7×10³² yr arXiv:hep-ex/9904020,摘要逐字
2005 SK-I 1489 天 2.3×10³³ yr arXiv:hep-ex/0502026,摘要逐字
2014 260 kt·yr 5.9×10³³ yr(现行最好) arXiv:1408.1195,摘要逐字 A lower limit of the proton lifetime is set to 5.9 × 10³³ years

口径注意:2014 论文标题/摘要写作 p→νK⁺(无 bar),正文自陈 we do not detect the neutrino and cannot distinguish p→νK⁺ from p→ν̄K⁺官方 PDF)——「现行 p→ν̄K⁺ 限」实为含中性反冲粒子通配的极限。PDG 2020 GUT 综述引用的同参数为 6.61×10³³(306 kt·yr 口径),两值同源不同版本,本篇并列注明。

3.3 2026 年最新:三体道与更多道

  • Super-K 2026 三体道首搜(arXiv:2604.10975,0.401 Mton·yr SK I-V)[一手逐字]:This is the first search for proton decay into a charged anti-lepton and two neutral pions in SK. One data candidate event was found for each of the two decay modes, which is consistent with the expected atmospheric neutrino background. We set lower limits on the lifetime of τ/B(p → e⁺π⁰π⁰) > 7.2 × 10³³ years and τ/B(p → μ⁺π⁰π⁰) > 4.5 × 10³³ years at 90% confidence level.arXiv:2604.10975 摘要逐字)
  • Super-K 2026 含不可见粒子道(arXiv:2510.26232,0.484 Mton·yr SK I-V)[一手逐字]:No significant indication of a nucleon decay signal is found beyond the expected background. Lower bounds on the nucleon partial lifetimes are determined to be 3.5×10³² yr for p→νπ⁺ and 1.4×10³³ yr for n→νπ⁰ at 90% confidence level.arXiv:2510.26232 摘要逐字)

2021–2026 关键事实:p→e⁺π⁰ 单道没有更新论文——现行纪录仍是 2020 年的 2.4×10³⁴ 年;2026 年新增的是三体道首搜与更多衰变道。这意味着「质子衰变搜寻」没有停止,是扩展道的守零

3.4 PDG 的质子条目:总寿命 vs 部分寿命

PDG 2024/2025 Baryons 汇总表 [一手逐字](官方 PDF):Mean life τ > 9 × 10²⁹ years, CL = 90% (p → invisible mode);部分寿命表(单位 10³⁰ yr):p→e⁺π⁰ > 24000(=2.4×10³⁴)、p→μ⁺π⁰ > 16000(=1.6×10³⁴)、p→νK⁺ > 5900(=5.9×10³³)。

PDG 2024 质子列表正文 [一手逐字]:The "partial mean life" limits tabulated here are the limits on τ/Bᵢ, where τ is the total mean life and Bᵢ is the branching fraction for the mode in question.rpp2024-list-p.pdf

PDG 区分「总平均寿命」(约 10²⁹ 年,p→不可见道)与「逐道部分寿命」(10³³–10³⁴ 年)」——GUT 检验用的是逐道部分寿命。不存在「质子半衰期 >10³⁰ 年」作为总寿命的单一数字被媒体引用时的那个口径——媒体常引的「10³⁴ 年」是 p→e⁺π⁰ 部分寿命,不是总寿命。

四、判据账:谁写下的终点线——为质子衰变而建的探测器

4.1 建站动机:GUT 预言「就在眼前」

Goldhaber, Langacker & Slansky 1980《Is the Proton Stable?》[一手逐字](Science 210, 851,PubMed):

Even more sensitive searches for proton decay are now in progress. These are partially motivated by the development of a class of models that combine the presently accepted theories of electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions into an elegant unified form. Some of these theories predict a proton lifetime short enough for the decays to be detectable by the proposed experiments.

IMB 发言人 Sulak 1984 [◐ 摘要逐字]:The lifetime (4.5x10^29 years) predicted by SU(5), the simplest grand unified theory, is tantalizingly close to the experimental bound derived from past cosmic ray neutrino experiments. … Thus a definitive statement about minimal SU(5) appears to be forthcoming.DOI 10.1063/1.34447,正文 403 反爬,经 Exa 全文片段取回)

1980s 的语境:minimal SU(5) 预言寿命约 10²⁹–10³² 年,当时实验下限约 10³⁰ 年——预言与下限只差一两个数量级,探测器只要再大一点就能裁决。这正是第一代实验(IMB、Kamiokande、Frejus、Soudan 2、Mont Blanc)全部在 1980s 建成的动机:这是一个「终点线就在眼前」的时刻。

4.2 Kamiokande:为质子衰变而建,结果成就了中微子

东京大学 ICRR 官方历史页 [一手逐字]:The Kamiokande experiment was launched to test the Grand Unified Theory of particle physics by searching for proton decay. … Kamiokande was named after the initial letters of 'Kamioka Nucleon Decay Experiment.'Research History

小柴昌俊 2002 诺贝尔讲座《Birth of Neutrino Astrophysics》[一手逐字](官方 PDF,RMP 75, 1011):

The capital letters NDE at the end of the two experiments originally implied 'Nucleon Decay Experiment.' However, because of our detection of various neutrinos by these detectors, people started calling it, 'Neutrino Detection Experiment'. Both experiments aimed at the detection of a certain type of proton decay, i.e., e⁺+π⁰ mode. Not many people are interested in proton decay any more but the non-observation of proton decay by the KamiokaNDE experiment killed the well-known Grand Unified Theory based on SU[5].

这一句是全文最锋利的档案:实验创始人之一自己写下「Kamiokande 的守零杀死了著名的 SU(5) 大统一理论」——「守零杀死理论」的表述出自实验方自己,而且它精确对应本库地震篇的结构:写下判据(探测 p→e⁺π⁰)、然后公开失败(没看到)。但注意:小柴说的是「SU[5]」这个具体模型,不是「大统一」这个想法。

Super-K 合作组 2019 综述 [一手逐字](EPJ C 79, 298,Wayback 全文):Although the primary aim was to conduct an extensive search for proton decayIn the early times of the Super-K proposal in 1986, proton decay was a top priority subject of the project

4.3 Super-K 的设计灵敏度与「排除 minimal SU(5)」的自述

CERN Courier 1991 [◐ 摘要逐字]:With no sign of this instability yet found, the big new detector will be able to probe longer decay times (10^33-34 years).cds.cern.ch,Anubis 反爬,◐)

Super-K 2009 论文正文 [一手逐字](arXiv:0903.0676):

The prototypical GUT, minimal SU(5), predicts the lifetime of the proton when it decays to e⁺π⁰ to be less than 10³² years. ... Contemporary theories must take steps to evade the stringent limits set by Super-Kamiokande and prior experiments that decisively ruled out minimal SU(5).

Super-K 2017 论文正文 [一手逐字](arXiv:1610.03597):

In the minimal SU(5) GUT, the predicted proton lifetime to e⁺π⁰ is 10³¹±¹ years, which has been ruled out by experimental results from IMB, Kamiokande, and Super-Kamiokande. However, longer lifetimes for this decay mode (∼10³⁵ years) are predicted by other classes of GUTs e.g., minimal SUSY SU(5), flipped SU(5), SO(10), etc., which are subject to experimental tests.

这句话是判据账的枢纽:实验组自己同时写下「minimal SU(5) 被排除」和「其他类 GUT 预言更长寿命、仍待测试」——排除与后移在同一段里

五、终点线账:Hyper-K / DUNE / JUNO 写下的下一站判据

这一节是本卷的核心结构点:下一代实验已经把判据写死,判据是 10³⁵ 年量级,而 Hyper-K 官方自己承认阴性结果不能否掉 GUT 想法。

5.1 Hyper-Kamiokande:判据 10³⁵ 年

  • Hyper-K LOI 2011arXiv:1109.3262)[一手逐字]:The sensitivity to the partial lifetime of protons for the decay mode p → e⁺π⁰, the mode considered to be most model independent, is expected to be 1.3×10³⁵ years. It is the only realistic detector option known today able to reach this sensitivity. The sensitivity for the decay mode p → ν̄K⁺, the mode favored by supersymmetry (SUSY) models, reaches 2.5×10³⁴ years.
  • Hyper-K Design Report 2018arXiv:1805.04163)[一手逐字]:10 年单罐 1.9 Mton·yr 曝光,p → e⁺ + π⁰: 7.8 × 10³⁴ yrs (90% CL UL), 6.3 × 10³⁴ yrs (3σ discovery)p → ν̄ + K⁺: 3.2 × 10³⁴ yrs (90% CL UL), 2.0 × 10³⁴ yrs (3σ discovery)。正文:which would give an unprecedented sensitivity to nucleon lifetime at the level of 10³⁵ years
  • Hyper-K Snowmass 2022arXiv:2203.02029)[一手逐字]:HK data taking is expected to start in 2027.With 20 years of data, Hyper-K will reach a proton decay sensitivity of 10³⁵ years for p→π⁰e⁺ and 3×10³⁴ years for p→ν̄K⁺.nucleon decay sensitivities will be extended by one order of magnitude beyond the current limits
  • Hyper-K 建设论文 2024Frontiers in Physics 12)[一手逐字]:the operation is expected to start in 2027Hyper-K is the only proposed experiment with the potential to go beyond and explore proton lifetimes larger than of 1×10³⁵ years.

记忆纠偏:「1.9×10³⁵」这个数字在 Hyper-K 任何一手文档中都不存在——设计报告里的「1.9」是 1.9 Mton·yr 曝光量,不是寿命。Hyper-K 判据是:LOI 十年灵敏度 1.3×10³⁵、设计报告十年 90% CL 上限 7.8×10³⁴、Snowmass 二十年 10³⁵。「DUNE 3.9×10³⁵」也不存在(正确量级约 1×10³⁴)。

5.2 Hyper-K 官方对「阴性结果」的自我限定——反向红跳的枢纽

Hyper-K Design Report 2018 [一手逐字](arXiv:1805.04163):

The message the reader should conclude from this figure is that 10 years of Hyper-K exposure is sensitive to lifetimes that are commonly predicted by modern grand unified theories. The predictions are uncertain to two or three orders of magnitude, and one should not expect a negative search to definitively rule out the idea of GUTs.

这是本卷最重要的一句一手:Hyper-K 自己写「阴性结果不能一票否掉 GUT 想法」——因为 GUT 的预言不确定 2–3 个数量级。终点线被写死了(10³⁵ 年),但终点线之后还画着另一条(再推 2–3 个数量级)。这与地震篇帕克菲尔德形成对照:地震是「判据写死、时间窗闭合、公开失败」;质子衰变是「判据每代写死、每代后移、守零持续」。

5.3 JUNO 与 DUNE 的灵敏度目标

  • JUNO(20 kt 液闪)[一手逐字](arXiv:2104.02565 摘要):a lower limit of the proton lifetime of 8.34e33 years (90% C.L.) can be set by searching for p->nu_bar K^+(10 年);另一论文(arXiv:2212.08502,Chinese Phys. C 47, 113002)[一手逐字]:the detection efficiency for the proton decay via p → ν̄K⁺ is 36.9% … The estimated sensitivity based on 200 kton-years exposure is 9.6 × 10³³ years
  • DUNE(液态氩)[一手逐字](DUNE TDR arXiv:2002.03005 正文):a 90% CL lower limit on the proton lifetime in the p → K⁺ν channel of 1.3 × 10³⁴ years can be set(400 kt·yr);p→e⁺π⁰ yields a sensitivity for an exposure of 400 kt·year in the range of 8.7 × 10³³ years to 1.1 × 10³⁴ years,且 with a longer exposure of 800 kt·year DUNE could achieve a sensitivity comparable to Super–Kamiokande's current limit

三家判据对比:Hyper-K(p→e⁺π⁰ 10³⁵ 年)> DUNE(p→K⁺ν 1.3×10³⁴)> JUNO(p→ν̄K⁺ 9.6×10³³)。终点线最远的是 Hyper-K,且只有它宣称能超过 1×10³⁵ 年。

六、现状账:2025–2026 的大统一——活着,且被系统逼近

6.1 耦合统一:MSSM 仍是官方叙事

  • Amaldi, de Boer, Fürstenau 1991(CERN-PPE-91-44)[一手逐字](INSPIRE):With data from the DELPHI Collaboration we find that in the minimal non-supersymmetric standard model with one Higgs doublet a single unification point is excluded by more than 7 standard deviations. In contrast, the minimal supersymmetric standard model leads to good agreement with a single unification scale of 10^16.0±0.3 GeV.
  • PDG 2020 GUT 综述(Hebecker & Hisano)[一手逐字](rpp2020-rev-guts.pdf):extrapolating the measured couplings to the high scale, we find quantitative unification at µ ∼ M_G. While this fails in the SM, it works intriguingly well in the MSSMM_G ≃ 2×10¹⁶ GeV

现状:非超对称 minimal SU(5) 单点统一被 LEP 精确测量排除(>7σ,1991 年起),MSSM(超对称标准模型)统一仍是 PDG 2020 官方叙事。替代路径(split SUSY、非超对称 E₆ 阈值、中间尺度)作为「耦合统一但无质子衰变信号」的方案在活跃。

6.2 minimal SUSY SU(5) 的 d=5 区:被排除,但存活区在下一站灵敏度内

  • PDG 2020 GUT 综述 [一手逐字]:The Super-Kamiokande bounds on the proton lifetime severely constrain the dimension-five operators. … In the minimal SUSY SU(5), τ_p/Br(p → K⁺ν̄) is smaller than about 10³¹ years if the triplet Higgs mass is 10¹⁶ GeV and m_SUSY = 1 TeV. The triplet Higgs mass bound from nucleon decay is then in conflict with gauge coupling unification so that this model is considered to be ruled out.
  • Evans & Yanagida 2022(arXiv:2109.12505)[一手逐字]:the proton lifetime is within reach of JUNO and Hyper-Kamiokande's experiment.proton decay constraints nearly rule out minimal SU(5) with CMSSM like boundary conditions and d = 0

结论:minimal SUSY SU(5) 在参考点上被 PDG 官方判「considered to be ruled out」,但存活区(d≠0、非 CMSSM 谱、更高 m_SUSY)仍在 JUNO/Hyper-K 可达范围(约 10³⁴–10³⁵ 年)。

6.3 SO(10) 与 flipped SU(5):存活区全部压在可测范围

  • SO(10)(arXiv:2308.05799,PRD 109, 055025)[一手逐字]:Due to the direct correlation τ_{π⁰e⁺} ∝ M⁴_GUT, this channel usually provides the most constraining limit on the GUT scale, MGUT ≳ 3×10¹⁵ GeV, almost regardless of the breaking chains of SO(10).——SO(10) 的存活需要 M_GUT ≳ 3×10¹⁵ GeV,而这正落在 p→e⁺π⁰ 限 2.4×10³⁴ 年对应的换算区。
  • Flipped SU(5)(arXiv:2010.01665)[一手逐字]:We identify regions of the parameter space that yield proton lifetime estimates which are testable at Hyper-Kamiokande and other next generation experiments.
  • Flipped SU(5)(Ellis et al. 2021,arXiv:2110.06833)[一手逐字]:the proton lifetime is typically ≳ 10³⁶ yrs, too long to be detected in the foreseeable future … However, we identify a region of the constrained flipped SU(5) parameter space with large couplings between the 10- and 5-dimensional GUT Higgs representations where p → e⁺π⁰ decay may be detectable in the Hyper-Kamiokande experiment now under construction——典型预言不可见,但存在一个可测存活区
  • Babu-Pati-Wilczek 1998(arXiv:hep-ph/9712307)[一手逐字]:implementation of the see–saw mechanism for neutrino masses introduces a new set of color triplet fields and thereby a new source of d = 5 proton decay operators. For neutrino masses in a plausible range, these operators are found to have the right strength to yield observable, but not yet excluded, proton decay rates.——中微子质量(seesaw)反过来引入新的质子衰变源:大统一与中微子质量深度绑定。

6.4 2026 年仍在产出的新 GUT 论文(反虚无锚)

  • Kitano & Okawa 2026arXiv:2601.16297,《UV cut-off of the Standard Model and proton decays》)[一手逐字]:The lifetime of proton in this scenario is, interestingly, consistent with the observed event of the p → π⁰μ⁺ decay at the Super Kamiokande experiment. The Hyper-Kamiokande experiments should see a large number of events soon after the data taking.——注意:这篇不是标准 GUT(是 SMEFT + 复合 Higgs 场景),且它预言 Hyper-K 会「很快看到大量事件」——与主流「Hyper-K 可能一无所获」的叙事方向相反。2026 年仍有理论家在预言质子衰变会被看到
  • Haba et al. 2026arXiv:2606.13101,扩展 SU(5)+45 Higgs+DFSZ 轴子)[一手逐字]:The Georgi–Jarlskog assumption substantially reduces the flavor ambiguity of the dimension-six baryon-violating operators, enabling robust constraints and predictions not only for antineutrino modes but also for charged-lepton proton decay modes such as p → e⁺π⁰.——2026-06 仍在活动。
  • Chitose, Ibe & Shirai 2026arXiv:2510.13617)[一手逐字]:we investigate nucleon decay induced by dimension-five operators in supersymmetric standard models and examine how flavor symmetries, particularly of the Froggatt-Nielsen type, can suppress these operators.——PeV 尺度 SUSY 下 d=5 压制仍是活跃研究方向。
  • Malinský 2025arXiv:2512.10019,flipped SU(5))[一手逐字]:Even after four decades since its [introduction], the flipped SU(5)...——flipped SU(5) 仍是积极建构的 SO(10) 派生框架。

现状账结论:minimal SU(5) 与 minimal SUSY SU(5) 参考点被排除(实验组与 PDG 官方自述),但 SO(10)/flipped SU(5)/扩展 SU(5) 在 2020–2026 持续产出可测预言,存活区全部压在 JUNO/Hyper-K 灵敏度内,且 2026 年仍有新理论论文在活动。「大统一已死」不成立。

七、反向红跳之一:「大统一已死」为什么不立

本库纪律:审「大统一已死」要对称地审「大统一已证实」——两侧都不立。

  • 「minimal SU(5) 已死」为真,但「大统一已死」为假:排除的是具体模型(实验组自述 decisively ruled out minimal SU(5)、PDG considered to be ruled out 针对 minimal SUSY SU(5)),不是「把强/弱/电磁统一在更大的规范群里」这个想法本身。
  • 存活区存在且可测:SO(10) 存活需 M_GUT ≳ 3×10¹⁵ GeV(τ ∝ M⁴ 换算后落在 2.4×10³⁴ 年限以上一个量级);flipped SU(5) 存在 Hyper-K 可测区;Babu-Pati-Wilczek 的 seesaw 新 d=5 源「yield observable, but not yet excluded, proton decay rates」。
  • 耦合统一仍是 PDG 官方叙事:MSSM 在 M_G ≃ 2×10¹⁶ GeV 定量统一,这个「图景」本身没有被推翻,只是 minimal 版被排除。
  • 2026 年仍有理论论文在活动:六捆 D 捆找到 2025–2026 至少五篇新 GUT/SMEFT-UV 论文(2601.16297/2606.13101/2510.13617/2512.10019/2510.26232 实验新限)。
  • 弦理论篇的互审:那篇裁「四窗全空」为「纲领仍未交付」而非「纲领已破产」——质子衰变这扇窗同样的逻辑成立。

但注意对称性:以上每一条都不支持「大统一快被证实」——下一站判据(Hyper-K 10³⁵ 年)如果守零,排除的是「d=5 区与部分 d=6 区」,剩下的是 M_GUT 更大、寿命更长的模型(split SUSY、轨道 GUT、字符串 d=5/d=6 可被完全压制——PDG 2024 GUT 综述 [一手逐字]:Orbifold GUTs and string theories … In such models, the nucleon decay due to dimension-five operators can be severely suppressed or eliminated completely. This can suppress or completely eliminate even dimension-six proton decay.rpp2024-rev-guts.pdf)。

八、反向红跳之二:「质子永不衰变」为什么不立

这一侧常常被忽略——「实验没看到」被读成「质子绝对稳定」。三条硬论证:

8.1 标准模型里的质子稳定性是「偶然」的

Ohlsson 2023《Proton decay》综述 [一手逐字](arXiv:2306.02401):In the SM (with minimal particle content), B and L are conserved due to gauge invariance and renormalizability which ensure that B and L are global symmetries of the theoryIn fact, the proton p is stable in the SM, i.e. Γ(p→⋯) = 0 ⟹ τp → ∞;同时摘要 [一手逐字]:This form of decay has yet to be detected.

关键:质子在标准模型里稳定,是因为「重正化+规范不变性」恰好排除了所有 B 破坏算符——这是偶然守恒,不是理论承诺。标准模型一加高维算符(SMEFT),B 破坏就出现:PDG 2026《Tests of Conservation Laws》综述 [一手逐字](rpp2026-rev-conservation-laws.pdf):Grand Unified Theories (GUTs) combine leptons and quarks in the same symmetry multiplets and, therefore, predict the violation of the baryon and lepton quantum numbers. Many experiments have searched for B-violating transitions, but no positive signal has been identified so far. Proton decay would be the most relevant violation of B, as it would imply the unstability of matter. The current lower bound on the proton lifetime is 9 × 10²⁹ yr [116]. Stronger limits have been set for particular decay modes, such as τ(p → e⁺π⁰) > 2.4 × 10³⁴ yr [117].

8.2 量子引力预期 B-L 必被破坏

  • Giddings & Strominger 1988 [摘要逐字](INSPIRE):generically terms that violate any global symmetries will be induced in the effective action for the parent universe——虫洞论证:量子引力诱导破坏任意全局对称性的项。
  • Harlow & Ooguri 2019(arXiv:1810.05337)[一手逐字]:we use the Anti-de Sitter/Conformal Field Theory (AdS/CFT) correspondence to establish a set of old conjectures about symmetries in quantum gravity. These are that no global symmetries are possible——量子引力不允许全局对称性(现代共识)。
  • Takhistov 2026 综述 [一手逐字](arXiv:2602.09097):a variety of arguments suggest that a consistent theory of quantum gravity does not admit exact global symmetries, implying that global B and L symmetries should be violated at some level unless protected by gauge symmetries

结论:重子数 B 在标准模型里只是全局对称性,量子引力不允许精确全局对称性——所以「质子理论上绝对稳定」在现代量子引力共识下不成立

8.3 黑洞诱导质子衰变:会衰变,但寿命比宇宙年龄长三十四个数量级

  • Zel’dovich 1976 [摘要逐字](INSPIRE):Gravitational collapse on an elementary particle level is not excluded. It will be observed as a new type of radioactivity violating baryon conservation.
  • Dolgov 2002 综述 [一手逐字](ar5iv):according to estimates made by Zeldovich proton may decay through formation of virtual black hole with life-time about m_Pl⁴/m_p⁵ ~ 10^52 sec(≈3×10⁴⁴ yr)。
  • Danielsson [一手逐字](ar5iv):the lifetime of a proton was found to be given by roughly τ ∼ m_p⁻¹(m_Pl/m_p)⁴ ∼ 10⁴⁵ years

算术核对:10⁴⁴–10⁴⁵ 年 ÷ 宇宙年龄(约 1.4×10¹⁰ 年)≈ 10³⁴——质子会衰变,但寿命比宇宙年龄长三十四个数量级,实验上永不可见。「质子永不衰变」作为经验陈述是安全的(我们永远观测不到),作为理论陈述是错的(量子引力预期它必衰)。

反向红跳之二结论:「质子绝对稳定/永不衰变」不立——标准模型的稳定性是偶然、量子引力预期 B-L 破坏、黑洞诱导寿命 10⁴⁴–10⁴⁵ 年。

九、消费账:从「钻石并非永恒」到「物质将腐烂殆尽」——四十年叙事

9.1 1980s 热潮期:媒体定调「里程碑」

  • NYT 1979-12-17 [一手逐字](Wayback):A revolutionary theory predicting that all matter will eventually disappear is creating widespread excitement among physicists.If observed, this would be a monumental discovery, supporting one or another of the 'grand unification' theories that interrelate all the basic forces of nature, apart from gravity
  • TIME 1979-12-31《Diamonds May Not Be Forever》[一手逐字,直连 406 反爬,经 Exa 全文索引取回](time.com):physicists will begin looking in the pool for flashes of light that could signal the decay of protons, confirm a unifying theory of nature, and end the cherished notion that matter is permanent;IMB 物理学家 Larry Sulak 名言:If proton decay is true, then dust doesn't go to dust and diamonds are indeed not forever.
  • SciAm 1981-06(Weinberg 亲撰)[摘要逐字](scientificamerican.com):The proton is known to have a lifetime at least 10²⁰ times the age of the universe, but theory indicates that it may not live forever. If it is not immortal, all ordinary matter will ultimately disintegrate——GUT 之父自己写给大众的定调
  • SciAm 1985-06(IMB 团队)[摘要逐字](scientificamerican.com):Physicists have been keeping watch over an 8,000-ton underground detector, waiting for a sign that all matter has a finite lifetime. So far no proton has been observed to decay, but the vigil will continue——守零叙事 1985 年已成形

9.2 宇宙末日叙事:退化纪元与「物质腐烂」

  • Adams & Laughlin《The Five Ages of the Universe》[一手逐字](NYT 转载第一章):At the end of the Degenerate Era, the mass-energy stored within the white dwarfs and neutron stars dissipates into radiation as their constituent protons and neutrons decay. A white dwarf fueled by proton decay generates approximately 400 watts, enough power to run a few light bulbs … As the proton decay process grinds to completion, the Degenerate Era draws to a close.——质子衰变是宇宙第二纪元(退化纪)的终结方式。
  • 原始学术版(Adams & Laughlin 1997,RMP 69)[一手逐字](arXiv:astro-ph/9701131):The evolution and eventual sublimation of these objects is dictated by the decay of their constituent nucleons
  • National Academies《One Universe》[一手逐字](NAP):Then, after about a trillion trillion trillion years, matter itself will decay. Current theories predict that protons are unstable on these timescales. When they vanish into blips of Gamma rays and tiny waste products of matter, nothing made of atoms will remain.——「约一万亿个万亿个万亿年后」= 10³⁶ 年量级,作者把它写成确定会发生
  • Astronomy.com 2021 [一手逐字]:White dwarfs, brown dwarfs, and neutron stars are expected to eventually die through a process known as proton decay, when the subatomic particles they are made of literally fall apart.matter itself will eventually rot away

9.3 物质永恒叙事:另一侧的安慰

  • Symmetry Magazine《Do protons decay?》[一手逐字](symmetrymagazine.org):Protons—whether inside atoms or drifting free in space—appear to be remarkably stable. We've never seen one decay.
  • New Scientist 2015 [一手逐字](Wayback):their 'standard model' of particle interactions firmly indicates that protons, as the lightest particles constructed of three quarks, should never decay. So why is 'never' not good enough?
  • Big Think 2024 [一手逐字,直连 403 反爬,经 Wayback 存档取回](web.archive.org 存档):So far, no proton decay has been observed, which certainly seems to go against the natural order of things.——「没观察到」被读成「违背自然秩序」(正是本库说的守零跳)。

9.4 官方自己贩卖「末日」

Hyper-K 官网物理研究页 [一手逐字](hk research page):If protons decaying into more light particles can be observed, it means that all matter, including human beings, in the universe has a finite lifetime and will decay in the future.;同时:GUTs predict that protons, a particle that all materials in the world contain, will decay at some point. Thus, proton decay is the key to unlocking the potential of these GUTs.;且:Hyper-Kamiokande will discover proton decays and we will challenge the root of materials and mysteries in the genesis of the universe beyond the Standard Model.——官方文案同时贩卖「末日」(一切物质终将衰变)和「承诺」(Hyper-K 将发现质子衰变),与 TIME 1979 的「end the cherished notion that matter is permanent」形成四十年呼应。

9.5 「GUT = 万物理论」的媒体混用

  • Quanta 2016 [一手逐字](quantamagazine.org):Our dream, of course, is to have a unified theory of everything,' said Dimitri Nanopoulos, a physicist at Texas A&M University who coined the term GUT.——创造「GUT」一词的物理学家本人把 GUT 称作「万物理论」,而正文又写明引力是「the fourth force」待解。
  • Symmetry Magazine [一手逐字]:GUTs unify three of the four fundamental forces of nature: electromagnetism, the weak force and the strong force. (Gravity isn't included because we don't have a quantum theory for it yet.)——GUT ≠ 万物理论:不含引力
  • New Scientist 2015 [一手逐字]:So-called grand unified theories provide a more coherent account of three of nature's forces – gravity remains aloof – at the price of the proton decaying.——「以质子衰变为代价」:这个「代价」的说法把「质子衰变」从科学预言变成了叙事代价。

消费账结论:两端叙事都活着——「质子衰变=宇宙末日/物质腐烂」被权威机构(NAP、Hyper-K 官方、五纪作者)作为确定未来讲,而「质子稳定=违背自然秩序」被科普当反常讲;「没看到」被读成「大统一没戏」和「质子永恒」两个方向。叙事的每一端都把「我们还没看到」读成了「自然界是什么」。

十、母题收口:五十年的守零,是档案不是判决

回到开头那句话。质子衰变与帕克菲尔德的对照:

地震预测(帕克菲尔德) 质子衰变(GUT)
判据 1985 官方新闻稿写下 1985–1993 窗内概率 >90% GG 1974 写下「会衰变」+ GQW 定量 10³¹ yr
时间窗 写死(8 年) 每次后移(10³¹→10³²→10³³→10³⁴→10³⁵)
结果 公开失败(迟到 11.7 年、无前兆) 持续守零(2.4×10³⁴ 年)
落点 「终点线从未被权威画下」 「终点线每代被画下、又每代被后移」

质子衰变搜寻是「写完判据-守零-后移」循环的五十年级标本。每一代实验都把下限推高一格,每一格都让 minimal SU(5) 的预言区彻底出局、让其他 GUT 的存活区缩一圈。这既不是「大统一死了」(SO(10)/flipped SU(5) 活着、2026 年还有新论文),也不是「质子永恒」(量子引力预期它必衰、只是 10⁴⁴–10⁴⁵ 年)。

灵魂句:写下寿命预言、然后守零五十年——这不是「大统一已死」的证据,也不是「质子永恒」的证据,而是「每次都没看到、每次把判据后移一格」的档案;minimal SU(5) 死了,但「大统一」这个想法活着,而且正被 Hyper-K 写下的下一站判据(10³⁵ 年)系统地逼近——而 Hyper-K 官方自己承认:阴性结果不能一票否掉 GUT。

十一、诚实空位

  1. GQW 1974 的 M 值与寿命数字的上标:harvest.aps.org 全文 PDF 的文本层丢失上标(显示为 5~ 10" GeV),判定经 600dpi 图像 OCR + 数学自洽(τ∝M⁴)+ 权威转写三通道交叉;仍建议读者如需逐字原件亲核,以期刊 PDF 图像为准。
  2. Georgi-Glashow 原文decays—but 的破折号是 OCR 判定(文本层 ~ut 系扫描噪声),经 Springer 综述逐字转写交叉,建议以原始扫描件为准。
  3. Sulak 1984、Marciano 1982、Goldhaber 1984(BNL-35979)、Suzuki 2022 正文:AIP/UNT/OUP 反爬,引用为 Exa 全文片段级(◐),未标注逐字的数字不承重。
  4. CERN Courier 1991(Super-K 设计灵敏度):cds.cern.ch 反爬,Wayback 无存档,仅搜索片段(◐);「Super-K 设计灵敏度 ~1×10³⁴」缺少可直取的写死文档。
  5. SciAm 1981/1985 正文:付费墙,仅摘要逐字(◐);Weinberg 那句「10²⁰ times the age of the universe」是摘要级。
  6. 小柴诺贝尔讲座 PDF:官方 PDF 取回逐字无误,但 RMP 期刊版页码未逐页核对。
  7. p→ν̄K⁺ 的 ν 是否有 bar:2014 论文标题无 bar、正文自陈无法区分,本篇按「p→ν̄K⁺ 现行限 5.9×10³³(含中性反冲通配)」表述,PDG 引 6.61×10³³ 为不同曝光口径,并列注明。
  8. Hyper-K 开始取数时间:Snowmass 2022 与 Frontiers 2024 官方写 2027;Springer 2025 章节有写 2028 者——本篇以官方 2027 为准,2028 差异如实登记。
  9. Kitano-Okawa 2601.16297:该论文主张 SMEFT 场景下质子寿命与 Super-K 的 p→π⁰μ⁺ 候选事件一致——该「候选事件」与背景 0.87 相容(Super-K 2017 论文自述),本库不裁决该事件是否真信号,只登记作者的主张。
  10. 「10²⁹–10³⁴ 年」区间:未找到任何一篇论文恰好写出这个区间作为直接引文;本库以「minimal SU(5) 预言 10³⁰–10³²(SK 2017 自述)+ 各代实验下限」两个一手来源分别支撑,不当作直接引文。
  11. Zel’dovich 1976 原文与 1977 JETP 版:Elsevier 付费墙 + jetp.ras.ru 存档文件内容错误(与题名不符),数值经 Dolgov 2002/Danielsson 两条独立引用核对,标注摘要逐字。
  12. 黑洞诱导质子衰变寿命量级:Dolgov 给 10⁵² 秒(≈3×10⁴⁴ yr)、Danielsson 给 10⁴⁵ yr——两值同为 m_Pl⁴/m_p⁵ 量级、差一个系数,本库写「约 10⁴⁴–10⁴⁵ 年」,不裁决精确值。

关键来源

  1. Georgi & Glashow 1974(PRL 32, 438)——harvest.aps.org 全文 ✓(OCR 三级交叉)
  2. Georgi, Quinn & Weinberg 1974(PRL 33, 451)——harvest.aps.org 全文 ✓(主笔亲核,上标判定三通道)
  3. Goldhaber, Langacker & Slansky 1980(Science 210, 851)——PubMed
  4. Sulak 1984(AIP Conf. Proc.)——DOI ◐(正文反爬)
  5. Marciano 1982(BNL)——UNT
  6. Amaldi, de Boer, Fürstenau 1991(PLB 260, 447)——INSPIRE
  7. IMB-1 1983(PRL 51, 27)——INSPIRE ✓(APS 403 反爬)
  8. Kamiokande-I 1985(JPSJ 54, 3213)——J-Stage
  9. Kamiokande-II 1989(PLB 220, 308)——INSPIRE
  10. IMB-3 1990(PRD 42, 2974)——INSPIRE
  11. Super-K 1998(PRL 81, 3319)——arXiv:hep-ex/9806014
  12. Super-K 1999(hep-ex/9903029)——arXiv
  13. Super-K 2009(PRL 102, 141801)——arXiv:0903.0676 ✓(minimal SU(5)「decisively ruled out」正文逐字)
  14. Super-K 2017(PRD 95, 012004)——arXiv:1610.03597 ✓(「10³¹±¹ ruled out…other GUTs subject to experimental tests」正文逐字)
  15. Super-K 2020(PRD 102, 112011)——arXiv:2010.16098 ✓(现行 p→e⁺π⁰ 纪录)
  16. Super-K 2014(PRD 90, 072005)——arXiv:1408.1195 ✓(p→ν̄K⁺ 5.9×10³³)
  17. Super-K 2026 三体道(arXiv:2604.10975)——arXiv
  18. Super-K 2026 不可见道(PRD 113, 012015 / arXiv:2510.26232)——arXiv
  19. Soudan 2(hep-ex/0001015、hep-ex/9910026)——arXiv
  20. PDG 2024/2025 Baryons 表——rpp2025-sum-baryons.pdf
  21. PDG 2024 质子列表——rpp2024-list-p.pdf
  22. PDG 2026 守恒定律综述——rpp2026-rev-conservation-laws.pdf
  23. PDG 2020 GUT 综述(Hebecker & Hisano)——rpp2020-rev-guts.pdf
  24. PDG 2024 GUT 综述(Langacker)——rpp2024-rev-guts.pdf
  25. Nath & Fileviez Pérez 综述(Phys. Rept. 441, 191)——arXiv:hep-ph/0601023
  26. Ohlsson 2023《Proton decay》——arXiv:2306.02401
  27. Babu, Pati & Wilczek 1998(PLB 423, 337)——arXiv:hep-ph/9712307
  28. Evans & Yanagida 2022——arXiv:2109.12505
  29. Ellis et al. 2020(EPJC 80, 332)——arXiv:1912.04888
  30. Fu et al. 2024 SO(10)(PRD 109, 055025)——arXiv:2308.05799
  31. Mehmood, Rehman & Shafi flipped SU(5)——arXiv:2010.01665
  32. Ellis et al. 2021 flipped SU(5)——arXiv:2110.06833
  33. Kitano & Okawa 2026(arXiv:2601.16297)——arXiv
  34. Haba et al. 2026(arXiv:2606.13101)——arXiv
  35. Chitose, Ibe & Shirai 2026(arXiv:2510.13617)——arXiv
  36. Malinský 2025 flipped SU(5)(arXiv:2512.10019)——arXiv
  37. Hyper-K LOI 2011——arXiv:1109.3262
  38. Hyper-K Design Report 2018——arXiv:1805.04163 ✓(含「negative search…not…rule out the idea of GUTs」一手)
  39. Hyper-K Snowmass 2022——arXiv:2203.02029
  40. Hyper-K 建设论文 2024——Frontiers in Physics 12
  41. JUNO physics(arXiv:2104.02565)——arXiv
  42. JUNO 质子衰变灵敏度(arXiv:2212.08502)——arXiv
  43. DUNE TDR Vol. II——arXiv:2002.03005
  44. Riotto《Theories of Baryogenesis》——arXiv:hep-ph/9807454
  45. 小柴昌俊 2002 诺贝尔讲座——nobelprize.org PDF ✓(「killed the well-known GUT based on SU[5]」)
  46. 东京大学 ICRR 历史页——Research History ✓(「launched to test the GUT」)
  47. Hyper-K 官网研究页——hk research ✓(「all matter…will decay」)
  48. KEK 2025-08-05 新闻稿——kek.jp
  49. Super-K 合作组 2019 综述(EPJ C 79, 298)——Wayback 全文
  50. CERN Courier 1991——cds.cern.ch
  51. NYT 1979-12-17——Wayback
  52. TIME 1979-12-31《Diamonds May Not Be Forever》——time.com
  53. SciAm 1981(Weinberg《The Decay of the Proton》)——sciam ◐(摘要逐字)
  54. SciAm 1985(Sinclair-Reines-LoSecco)——sciam ◐(摘要逐字)
  55. Adams & Laughlin《The Five Ages of the Universe》——NYT 转载
  56. Adams & Laughlin 1997(RMP 69)——arXiv:astro-ph/9701131
  57. National Academies《One Universe》——NAP
  58. Astronomy.com 2021——astronomy.com
  59. Symmetry Magazine《Do protons decay?》——symmetrymagazine.org
  60. New Scientist 2015——Wayback
  61. Big Think 2024——bigthink.com
  62. Quanta 2016(Nanopoulos「theory of everything」)——quantamagazine.org
  63. Giddings & Strominger 1988——INSPIRE ✓(摘要逐字)
  64. Harlow & Ooguri 2019——arXiv:1810.05337
  65. Takhistov 2026——arXiv:2602.09097
  66. Zel’dovich 1976——INSPIRE ✓(摘要逐字)
  67. Dolgov 2002——ar5iv
  68. Danielsson(gr-qc/0512162)——ar5iv

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